High Speed broadband is facing a problem of the access network - which is a bottleneck for service provision. There are multiple solutions, suggesting how the one can overcome that proble

Long-reach PON was designed with idea of meeting following requirements:

 

distance of ~ 100 km;

Depending on the wavelength assignment, the WDM-PON can be separated into two groups: the CWDM-PON (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON) and the DWDM-PON (Dense Wavelength Divisio

Overlay and backhaul possibilities are shown in Figure 1. This architecture employs PON as one phase of an access network. ONUs provide either wired, or wireless access, or both. OLT is u

EPON is using different technologies for transmitting data downstream and upstream, due to its asymmetric P2MP architecture. Downstream signal is broadcasting encrypted data to all ONUs/ONTs, but ONUs