In order to avoid upstream transmission collision between many ONUs, ranging is necessary. Since ONUs are located at different distances from OLT, data should arrive in the correct time slots at OLT,

Ethernet is offering a lot of advantages for the PON, what was the motivation for creating EPON. Ethernet is the most popular solution for WANs, LANs, and MANs. Due to features like low cost Ethernet

GPON is inheriting lots of specifications from BPON. Signal is broadcasted downstream in the same manner. Upstream signal is relying on TDMA, the same way as it was in BPON. Most of other inherited sp

The efficient encapsulation model, that is used for transportation of TDM and Ethernet traffic in GEM, is called GFP (Generic Framing Procedure). It allows GEM to encapsulate variable-length packets w

Downstream frames are layering maps data using GTC (GPON Transmission Convergence). GPON frames have different amount of bytes with different transmission rates. The higher the rate, the bigger is the